Zara Summary Essay Example for Free

Zara Summary EssayGlobal apparel chain are characterized by unique combinations of heights value research, design that they have been pursued for quite some time. Almost more than 30% percent of world production apparel was exported. Lots of fraternity making their manufacturing production on the developing coarse, because of some factor of the cheap labor intensive. Some country are keen to supply their product to the country that has a very low quote restrictions like China supply their product to Japan where there are no quota restrictions. Some country in like manner do like combining all of the resources part from other country and combine it, like in making a jacket, the zipper come from Japan, the mystify from Korea, the jacket filling from Japan, and the label, and other trim are from Hong Kong. Apparel retailing usually try to promote quick response that is needed to improve coordination amongst the manufacturer and the retailer itself. This is used to increase fle xibility and response. The main competitor of Zara are GAP, HM, Benetton.All of them have a comparative advantage among each other. more than than 90% percent of GAP product are outsourced from outside US, GAP do this to get the competitive advantage of cheap labor, also, they are lack of induce fashion positioning. HM are Inditex closest competitors from all side. They generate more than half sales outside the country. They have a cheaper price than ZARA. The last is Benneton, they centralise on a colored knitwear. They are labor intensive. They use a strategy of narrowing their product lines.Basically, Inditex are global specialty retailer that snitch apparel, footwear and accessories for women, children, and men through a prominent store like Zara and others. They are headquartered in Galatia to get the advantage of poor labor and other advantage. thither are 6 chains that Inditex worked with which Pull and Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius, Oysho and Zara. This are all the prominent chain. That are all the chain in 2002, but in May 2001, Inditex change 26% percent of their share to the public to raise cash.The largest chain of Inditex are Zara that are oprated in 507 stores in various countries. Zara has its own way to undercut consumer preferences. Zara usually supply the store directly from the main distributor which usually take twice a week. Zara can work very fast regarding the ruined goods, with the systematic technique, they can be able to have a finished goods including finishing the design in just 4 weeks. Zara has its own superior creative team, designer and consulting team, product development and sourcing specialist.Zara focused its product distribution from internal and external supplier. That passes through the distribution center in Arteixo and than it is distributed on the store to saves time. By the time going, Zara want to improve their model to be more sophisticated based on the trends to increase consumer loyalty and kee p maintaining the overthrow prices than the competitor. Zara only do a small amount of advertising campaign. They focused on the freshness of the product that stay up to date with the changing environments.

The degree of operating leverage Essay Example for Free

The degree of operating leverage Essay1. The degree of operating leverage is equal to the ____ change in ____ divided up by the ____ change in ____.2. In the linear breakeven model, the difference between merchandising price per unit and variable cost per unit is referred to as3). Break-even analysis usually assumes all of the following boot out4).The short-run cost function is5). In the short-run for a purely competitive market, a manufacturer allowing stop production when6). In the long-run, firms in a monopolistically competitive industry will7). A search good is8). All of the following are truthful for both competition and monopolistic competition in the long run, except one of them. Which is it?9). Regulatory agencies engage in all of the following activities except _______.10). In the electric power industry, residential customers have relatively ____ demand for electricity compared with large industrial users. But contrary to price discrimination, large industrial users more often than non are charged ____ rates.11). When the cross elasticity of demand between one product and all other products is low, one is generally referring to a(n) ____ situation.13). In natural monopoly, AC continuously declines due to economies in distribution or in production, which tends to found in industries which face increasing returns to scale. If price were set equal to marginal cost, so14). A(n) ____ is characterized by a relatively small number of firms producing a product.15). In the Cournot duopoly model, each of the two firms, in determining its profit-maximizing price-output level, assumes that the other firms ____ will not change. 16). The existence of a kinked demand curve under oligopoly conditions may result in17). Conscious parallelism of action among oligopolistic firms is an example of ____.18). A key to analyzing subgame complete equilibrium strategy in sequential games is19). Credible promises and hostage mechanisms can support a continuous s tream of cooperative exchanges except when20). In making promises that are not guaranteed by third parties and in imposing penalties that are not enforced by third parties, all of the following are credibility-enhancing mechanisms except21). In a game, a dominated strategy is one whereThe segmenting of customers into several small groups such as household, institutional, commercial, and industrial users, and affording a different rate instrument for each group is known as 22) The following are possible examples of price discrimination, EXCEPT23). The optimal mark-up is m = -1/ (E+1). When the mark-up on cookware equals 50%, hence demand elasticity (E) for cookware is24). To maximize profits, a monopolist that engages in price discrimination must allocate output in such a way as to make identical the ____ in all markets.25). Non-redeployable durable assets that are dependent upon unique complementary and perfectly redeployable assets to achieve substantial value-added will typical ly be organized as26). When retail bicycle dealers advertise and perform warranty repairs but do not deliver the personal selling message that Schwinn has designed as part of the marketing plan but cannot observe at less than prohibitive cost, the manufacturer has encountered a problem of ____.27). When manufacturers and distributors establish credible commitments to one another, they often employ28). Reliant assets are always all of the following except29). The sentiment for increased deregulation in the posthumous 1970s and early 1980s has been felt most significantly in the price regulation of30). The antitrust laws regulate all of the following business decisions except ____.31). The ____ is equal to the some of the squares of the market shares of all the firms in an industry.32). The lower the barriers to entry and exit, the more nearly a market structure fits the ____ market model.33). The ____ depicts the risk-return relationship in the market for all securities34). Any curr ent outlay that is expected to yield a flow of benefits beyond one year in the future is35). In order to help assure that all relevant factors will be considered, the capital-expenditure selection process should include the following steps except36). Which of the following would not be classified as a capital expenditure for decision-making purposes?

Strategies of Pressure Groups

Strategies of public press GroupsPressure GroupsRobert HassamBritain is often referred to as a homogenous smart set as the humanity tend to sh be similar governmental views. How constantly, more recently, there has been a decline in penisship in political parties and an increase in the membership of closet themes. In this essay I amaze to define pressure groups, analyse their utilisation and importance to British democracy. According to Dun send away Watts, apressure groupscan be described as an organised group which seeks to ascertain government policy, foster or advance a particular cause or interest. They can also be described as interest groups, lobby groups or kvetch groups. However some people avoid using the term pressure group as it may inadvertently be interpreted as heart the groups use actual pressure to achieve their aims, which does not necessarily happen. Pressure groups ar distinct from political parties in that they do not seek political power, instead they aim to act upon those already in power.The term pressure group is relatively recent, however voluntary organisations have been attempting to crook policy ever since the late 18th Century. A typical example of this, is The Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade. Which was founded in 1787 under William Wilberforce, and successfully achieved its objective to abolish slavery in 1807. A pressure group may be a huge organisation such as the British Medical Association (BMA), which stand represents doctors twain individually and collectively on a wide variety of employment issues, or it may be a single-issue locally based organisation uniform CLARA (Central Area Leamington Residents Association), which represents less than 300 house drives campaigning to preserve and improve the town of Leamington Spa. Pressure groups are not only distinguished by size, cause, and aim hardly also by the levels of extremism, such as the Animal Liberation Front, which has frequentl y indulged in illegal activities to further its aims and objectives. Pressure groups may also have self-colored links to political parties such as the Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR), which have links to the Labour government and have regular touch modality with cabinet ministers. (Jones Norton, 2010)Pressure groups are divided into the following sub-groups Causal (or promotional) groups, Sectional (or Protection) groups and also how close they are to the government known as either Insider or Outsider groups. Causal groups are involve with a particular issue or issues and serve this cause by promoting it. These groups vary in size and aims, which can be permanent such as friends of the earth who continually campaign for their particular cause or they can be temporary such as CND, the campaign for nuclear disarmament who would disperse if their cause was attained or irreversibly lost. Sectional groups represent and further the interests of a particular part of society and as a result the members of these groups are more directly concerned with the outcome of the campaign at hand as they usually stand to invite something (professionally, economically). Therefore membership is usually limited to the sole members of that particular group of the population and aim to involve all those that are eligible to join. Insider groups have surd links with decision makers and are regularly consulted. They are the groups that the government local and national considers to be legitimate and are, therefore, given ingress to decision makers. This category includes the internal Farmers conglutination (NFU) and the police force, as they are involved in the consultation process as a matter of course when government proposals relevant to their activities are discussed. An outsider group is one that operates outside the government, they have no special links with them but they still seek to influence decision makers by (usually) mobilizing public opinion, an exa mple would be Fathers 4 justice. Theyre popularly not involved in the Law Making process and so dont have a chance to influence legislation. This may be due to previous protests or demonstrations which have made their relationship with the government hostile. Generally, Insider groups would be more successful that outsider groups because of the influences that they do hold and the power they have to change the decisions made by the government. (Jones Norton, 2010) (http//www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/ neo/uk_gov_politics/central_gov/revision/4/)Pressure groups act as intermediaries between the government and the public. This role has become increasingly important as the scope and complexity of politics have increased and as it has become more difficult for political parties only to perform all the representative functions. This means that they act as a spokesman or negotiators on behalf of clearly defined sectional interests, for example the National Farmers Union which acts on b ehalf of farmers or the British Medical Association which acts on behalf of medical professionals or doctors. Additionally pressure groups help governments to create and actualize their approaches by immersion into detailed consultations on recommendations for administrative action or legislation and in this way by conveying a measure of public consent to the return of policy and decision reservation processes. For example, accommodation has had an extensive impact on housing legislation over the years, the Child Poverty Action Group has systematically pressed for changes to help the poor and particularly families with children. Pressure groups empower new concerns and issues to achieve the political agenda, thereby facilitating social advance and avoiding social stagnation, for instance the womens and environmentalist movements. Pressure groups build social cohesion and political stability by providing almost a safety net for people and collective demands. (Forman and Baldwin, 2007)For many another(prenominal) years, pressure groups in Europe worked at or below the level of the state. On the other hand, they have been dynamic in the EU since its formation, playing a signifi formalism role in its political improvement and policy making. The movement of political power towards the EU has implied that more power is progressively being transferred to Brussels. wherefore pressure groups are increasingly turning to Brussels to campaign on issues as issues have a tendency to work on a widely distributed level such as global warming. Pressure groups can now impact choices made on a worldwide level. The rapid rise of transnational originations also implies these companies have influence on a global level. Hence people need to campaign through pressure groups to impact them on pick up issues like child labour and free trade. (Watts, 2008)Quite a bit of what the public thinks about politics originates from the activities of pressure groups. They empower politica l instruction and turn out political awareness. They commit significate resources to carrying out research, maintaining websites, remarking on government approaches and using high profile and expert individuals to get over their perspectives. An example would be Bob Geldof and the wait Eight concerts held in 2005 in ten cities, which was designed to put pressure on the G8 leaders to tackle global poverty. Pressure groups likewise provide a means for cooperation in local politics between elections. For instance, in 1994 the A452 Coordination Group campaigned to block plans by Warwickshire County Council to make the A452 a dual carriageway. After the groups exceptional campaigning, the circuit board dropped the arrangements. . (Forman and Baldwin, 2007) (http//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/what_are_pressure_groups.htm)The strategies and methods utilized by pressure groups can influence its success such as advertising. Pressure groups endeavor to impact public opinion through the me dia and wad communication including strategies of advertising and public relations. Groups that use advertising campaigns such as NSPCC and GOSH (Television advertisement campaigns) appeal to a wide audience which often make the group a household name. Another technique utilized by pressure groups is lobbying. Lobbying is the art of cultivating and influencing the opinions of policy-makers, such as MPs and Lords. Methods of lobbying vary and can range from direct letters, making presentations, providing briefing material to Members and organised rallies. Another method used by pressure groups is participating in publicity stunts. In 2008, Greenpeace battled against the 3rd raceway at Heathrow Airport by breaking into the air terminal and protesting on top of one of the planes, this generated a lot of media coverage and attention from both the general population and the government. The use of public demonstrations can also aid the success of a pressure group, which can be seen from the 2010 NUS (National Union of Students) demonstration against the rise in university fees in capital of the United Kingdom, this was exceptionally advertised and the group drew a considerable amount of attention, nonetheless it didnt impact the government and the rise in fees still occurred. Pressure groups also raise petitions which can lead to success, for example the National Trusts petition against the government selling forestry lands which was a success as Cameron dropped the proposals not long later on the petition was presented. Pressure groups that use strategies and methods widely are more inclined to be effective rather than groups that sit back and are not involved in any public demonstrations or petitions such a Tentelini, a group that isnt known to use any methods to gain attention or to influence the government.(http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7338875.stm) (http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-20412792)A pressure groups can use a variety of different methods t o influence law. Firstly, it can merely educate legislators of its members inclinations. Second it may well give money or time to help with an election campaign. Third, its members may threaten, as a group, to vote as a block. By doing this they guarantee to help a cooperative legislator, and threaten to harm a non-cooperative legislator. Fourth, a pressure group may speed up legislation by writing bills and helping legislators make progressive agreements. Finally, a pressure group my attempt to influence members of the executive, who have some law making input and who can partly decide the strength and effectiveness of law enforcement. (Coxall and Robins, 1998)For some, pressure groups are a fundamental part of democracy. To others, pressure groups undermine the unit of measurement principle of democracy. Democracy is a system of government where decisions are arrived at by majoritarian principles with representatives elected at periodic elections where political equality and poli tical prospect permit the voter a compelling decision between competing candidates in a secret ballot. Arguments are present on both sides of the debate on whether pressure groups are beneficial for the government, and democracy. These arguments are typically focused upon Elitist and Pluralist belief systems, which differentiate one another in terms of thoughts. Elitists believe that the utilization of pressure groups threaten democracy, with the opinion of parties becoming too extreme in their views of which they become involved in criminalised activities, exert forced influence onto the general public, and the concept of guiltless lives being harmed in the process of the pressure groups protests. Pluralists however, consider pressure groups to promote democracy with the use of individuals participating more in politics, and the focus of particular issues embossed by the group to the government. Pluralists believe that pressure groups overcome the democratic deficit that builds up thereby enhancing the quality of democracy by increasing participation and access to the political system. Pressure groups complement and supplement electoral democracy in dickens main ways by providing a merry form of citizen influence of the government between elections and enabling societys variety of opinions is known. Pressure groups are the objective way to influence decisions in a free society. freely operating pressure groups are crucial to the effective functioning of liberal democracy in three main ways they serve as a voice between government and society, they disperse political power and provide an important counterweight and balance to political power which is particularly important with the two main political parties the Conservative Party and the Labour party. Pressure groups improve the responsibilities of decision makers to electorates if enough impact is made. (Joyce, 2010)Although its undeniable that pressure groups play a vital role in British politics parti cularly in todays less differential society, perhaps its not the suggested one of the pluralist model. For example, pressure groups do enhance interest however in an unequal way, benefiting the powerful and organised and disadvantaging the weak and disorderly. The groups themselves may not be representative of their members as many members views are overlooked if they dont comply with the ideologies of the leaders or decision makers of that group. The methods of influence some groups use build social discontent and political instability by increase social frustration and injustice felt by certain sections of the population. This can disregard the benefit of the whole of the community and this kind of civil disobedience cant be justified in todays democratic system.In conclusion, pressure groups can both detract from and strengthen democracy to a certain extent. Pressure groups are an essential dimension of any democracy, yet they can endanger it if sectional groups undermine the pu blic interest or if the methods they use are corrupt or intimidating. Lastly in my humble opinion, I think pressure groups are a fundamental part of any democratic society, serving as a voice between the elite and the common citizens. However I question, if pressure groups where not influential in British politics, would the voices of common citizens be heard or even considered by the elite minority such as politicians?BibliographyBitesize, B.,n.d. Pressure Groups. (Online) Available at(http//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/what_are_pressure_groups.htm)(Accessed on 07th of April 2015)Bitesize, B,.n.d. Government Politics. (Online) Available at(http//www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/modern/uk_gov_politics/central_gov/revision/4/)(Accessed on 07th of April 2015)Bitesize, B,.n.d. UK Politics. (Online) Available at(http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7338875.stm)(Accessed onBitesize, B,.n.d. Education. (Online) Available at(http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-20412792)(Accessed onJones, B., M., Nortan, P. (2010) Politics UK, 7th Edition. London Pearson Education Ltd.Watts, D. (2008) The European Union. Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press Ltd.Forman, F.N., Baldwin, D.J. (2007) Mastering British Politics, 5th Edition. Basingstoke MacMillan Press Ltd.Coxall, B., Lyton, R. (1998) Contemporary British Politics, 3rd Edition. Basingstoke PalgraveJoyce, P. (2010) Understanding Politics, 3rd Edition. London Hodder Education.

Solar Water Heating Systems

Solar Water vexing SystemsSolar aught is the source of slide fastener which is now in use all(prenominal) over the world. Different companies and researchers ar introducing new ways and method to use the solar vigor. The consumption of petrol and born(p) resources be not altogether harmful to the environment but they effect the economic situations as well so it is necessary for all country and for all bole to have alternative sources of causality. That is why developing countries be specially putting efforts to enhance the use of solar zero. Other contrary sectors wish well rear hold usage and car industry is in ilk manner doing research to get as many benefits from the solar energy as possible. Solar energy is withal use for move pool fomenting ashess. These organisations be so flexible that they could two be use indoor and outdoor swimming pools. These systems could be installed both in the cold z iodines as well as in the hot zones.Solar based systems a re electronically softenled and unlike sensors are installed in the system to keep the temperature of swimming pool at adjustable temperature rage. If the bear is hot sensors will allow the urine to bypass without horninessing into the swimming pool and if the persist is cold sensors direct the valve to control bunk. Solar systems are as well used in under kingdom thaw systems to computer memory hot water for the sign usage.The aim behind this project is to design the solar raise uping plant system which can effectively improve the use of solar energy. The system should be embody effective in such a way that it could be well used in piazzas. The energy of heating system should more than normal systems used in market. System should be differentiated into the expounds in such a way that it could be used in many ways. If some body wants to use the system in automatic configuration or in manual configuration both could be easily installed and operated. The system could be easily adjusted in hybrid mode means either to run on electric former or solar energy. The whole system could be configured automatically in such a way that a simple lay man could overly use the system by analyse the manual. every last(predicate) split of system should be easily on hand(predicate) in the market and should be cheap that if some one wants to replace any of the part he could easily get the part and install in the particular place. The system should not work in such a way that if one part is not operating whole system should not stop its working although certain parameters would definitely disturb in that matter for example if the heat sensor is not working properly the temperature of water could raise but will not exceed too much as fixed direct is weapons platformmed in controller to stop the system.2. HISTORYThe solar energy was explored in 1950. The background of use of solar energy is linked to space technology. The need of energy system was felt for t he satellite system, because for the continuous source of energy the solar energy was considered to be the best possible solution in the space. In other(a) era the solar energy was used with the help of black pans. As the black color absorbs level best heat so the black pots and pans were used to heat water. The solar cell possibly can convert small part of temperateness unprovoked into the energy. The best rate of efficiency of solar cells is 180%. to the highest degree wide use of solar energy systems is water heating, cooling system and energy for space technology.3. solar ENERGYSolar energy is the energy radiated from the sun. The solar is related to the sun. The components of solar energy are light from the sun and also the heat from the sun. The sun is providing energy to the humans and other creature from very wide time. The technological innovations are occurring day by day and the use of solar energy is increasing according to the technological innovation.There are so many parts on the earth where the day times are longer and sun remain 16 ours in whole of 24 hours. Heat in those areas is so strong that lot of energy could be extracted out from the sun light and heat by using special equipment and advance technology.As the power resources and oil resources are getting scarce on the earth every country is in the search of finding the new resource of power generation that could replace the use of oil and suck. Every country is striving to achieve fruitful results before the oil resources obsolete. They are also trying to use the subsidiary solar resources of power which are wave power and wind. The solar energy used by human being is very small as compared to heart energy daily falls on the earth. The solar energy absorbed by the earth atmosphere in one hour is more than the tot up energy used by the whole world in one year. According to the facts and figure it is almost 3,850,000 EJ per year which is absorbed in the earth atmosphere.4. CATOG ARIES OF SOLAR ENERGYThere are two basic categories of solar energy one is the active solar energy and other is the passive solar energy. fighting(a) solar energy means the extraction of solar energy form the photovoltaic cell and after solar cells electrical energy is generated and used for different economic consumptions. Other category is passive solar energy and it is used by orienting the buildings in certain directions and from light dispersing properties. Hybrid forms of energies are also used in many areas where the solar and other sources of energies are used alternatively.5. DESCRIPTIONThe core of sun is the main source of solar energy, where the fusion reaction is occurring every time and huge core of energy is released and the estimated amount is 3.86 x 1026 joules per second. The part of energy which the earth receives is 174 PW of all solar radiations. Thirty part is reflected back towards the space.6. BENEFITS OF SOLAR ENERGYThe solar energy has many benefits and these are almost uncountable. Some of these are under mentioned.It is the source of energy which is in huge quantity and there is no point of scarcity because the all the systems on the earth are inter-dependent. Every living creature is dependent on the light and energy of the sun. Plants can not grow without the sun light and human and animals can not survive without the plants and sun light.Solar energy is not like other sources of energy which is harmful to the atmosphere and living creature. It is environment friendly and solar cells do not release any remnants in the air.Solar sells are very cheap and therefore solar energy is the cheapest energy and requires no maintenance live for the long time.Solar energy is self sufficient for the home and for some other activities and does not require any dependence on other resources.7. USES OF SOLAR ENERGYWith the advancement of technology and research on the solar energy has magnificently increased the use of solar energy in differ ent sectors. Industry is also trying to cash this resource of cheap energy in its different sectors. The example of the industrial use is installing the solar panels at the remote sites where other power sources are not available and hung cost is required to establish power generating stations on those sites industries establish solar energy units and setup with relatively less(prenominal) cost and use the energy for different applications.Power stations and power lines are tried to be installed on the place where there are significant number of people living around because without this the price of installation could not be achieved. But in case of solar energy the small setup could be installed even for one home in the remote areas. And this installation does not require very huge amount to be spent.In telecommunication sectors it is tried to provide service at each and every corner although it is not possible but companies install lot of sites to strengthen the network connection s. So the sites where no power lines are available solar energy systems are installed to give power to the remote sites.Solar energy is also used for the signaling purpose for the transportation and for the offshore pilotage light houses. Solar system is also used as hybrid fuel system in the cars. Lot of companies is manufacturing hybrid fuel system cars like corolla hybrid. In case of any problem the car could be directly switched to the solar based energy system.Solar energy is also used in the home appliances and researchers are doing research to efficiently use solar energy. In many countries solar energy is water heating system and sewerage manipulation plants. The roofs of buildings are made of solar cells and energy is stored in the batteries.8. METHODS OF STORAGENormally solar energy is tried to collect and use at the same time. In certain conditions where the hybrid systems are installed solar energy is stored for the use at appropriate time. As the solar energy is non- constant form of energy and it is stored. It is available only for the certain duration of time and for the other time stored energy could be used.The most common method of storing solar energy is batteries. Large batteries are habituated with the solar panels with the help of charging circuitry to store the charge. These batteries are of two types1. Nickel cadmium2. Lead acid batteriesLead acid batteries are cheap and for the storage purpose these batteries are mostly used. But there life time is less than the nickel cadmium batteries, these batteries discharge more electricity.Zeolite mineral is also used to store the solar energy. Natural zeolites could be used to store energy instead of synthetic zeolites.Water and stones are the short duration methods of energy storage. Energy obtained from the sun is directly tending(p) to water and stones using certain mediums and used according to needs in short period of time.Another method of storing solar energy is latent heat storage m ethod. In this method nitrates and sulphates are used to store the energy for the longer period of time.Another system is under earth heat storage system and is usually used in homes for heating water.9. THERMOSOLAR ENERGYThe word thermo solar is self explanatory and means the heat from the solar energy. This is the type of energy consumed in heating the water for the homes and swimming pools. The energy is also used for the climatization of plants and for other applications.10. HEATING SWIMMING POOLSA huge amount of energy is needed to heat up the water of swimming pool. One of the applications of solar energy is also heating the swimming pool water, although people are also using other methods to warm the water of their swimming pools. But according to the new technological innovation solar energy is tried to be used for this purpose. Because most of the swimming pools in homes and restaurants are located in open environment where solar light can easily reached so it is operable to install any solar energy conversion system near the swimming pool. The following solar heating system is similar to the designed work. All the blocks are interconnected to make one perfect system. Filters are perfectly designed and placed accurately to block dirt. The solar panel is placed decently above the heat exchanger to provide maximum heat to the pipes. Valves are accurately controlled to direct the advert of water in the desired direction. Sensors are also placed right near the heat exchanger to sense the heat of exchanger and give the signal for rotation of solar panel. Other sensors are incisively placed in the water to detect the temperature of water and give the signal to programmable logic controller for panel rotation and water flow.Figure .Solar heating systemThe old traditional methods of heating swimming pools are expensive and inefficient. Lot of energy resources is wasted in heating swimming pools these resources are natural gas and electricity. Another ris k associated with such system is electrocuting. The heating systems based on electric power are very risky if the people jumping into the swimming pool without checking. These systems are not only dangerous to humans but also to the environment. The pollutants release by such systems effect the environment badly. Modern methods of heating swimming pools include the option of retaining the heat into the water by using different sheets and blankets which can store heat for long time. But in case of non sunny days it is difficult for this system to heat the pool water. Keeping in depend this condition other sources are alternatively used for heating purpose. The average temperature needed for heating the pool water is nearly 78 degree Fahrenheit.11. PARTS OF HEATING SYSTEMThe heating system based on the solar energy consists of different parts and these individual parts integrate to make one system and provide cost effective solution for heating. These systems are also given the tempe rature control facility user can vary the temperature of water in the pool by just adjusting the thermostat.The main integral parts of solar heating system are as followsSolar collectorSolar collector is the part of heating system which consists of solar cells and the heater integrated with it. The pipes for the flow of water are also attached with the solar collector. So the energy is dissipated by the solar collectors in the form of heat and this heat is directly transferred to the water. The water is then circulated by dint of the pipes and through the filter and is controlled by different valves. Solar collectors are also of different types and manufactured according to the weather conditions. These are unglazed and glazed UV inhibitors. For enhancing the life of solar collector in the area where use is 24 hours unglazed collectors are used.Figure . Heat exchangerFilterThe function of filter is to purify the water before pumping in to the pipes of solar collector where the wate r is warmed. These filters are so efficient that they subscribe all debris from the water before pumped up. The filters are fitted at the start where the water is pumped because before entering into the whole system all the dirt should be removed from the system or no dirt should enter the system because this dirt could be damaging and cause blockage in the pipes. The life span of filter depends on the dirt in the water and it varies from area to area. The areas and pools where the dirt in the water is more filters should be changed in less time.PumpThe pumps are performing the main function of flowing water from one point to the other. Pumps take the water from the swimming pools and after passing through the channels pump again into the swimming pool. This water is heated up. These pumps are given power supply from the solar panels. The idea is kept in view that not huge energy should be lost in this system. So the 12V pumps are usually used to drive the whole system, because the purpose of these pumps is to flow the water at normal pressure. Pumps used in system ensure the maximum heating quality by regulating the water flow.Flow control valveThe flow control valves are used to control the proper flow of water through the pipes and through the channels linked with the solar collectors. The process of flow control is very important because if the water is not properly controlled to flow through the channels and pipes of solar collector and heating section lot of heat could be wasted in the air. These flow valves could be automatic and direct the water in the particular direction by possibility and closing. Heat sensors are also installed in some system to detect the temperature of water and according to the temperature flow s controlled.The sensor sends the signal to the tyrannical unit by detecting the temperature. And controlling unit is used to divert the direction of water flow using pump. Bypass capability is also installed in some system using the fl ow valves. If the temperature of water in the swimming pool is equal to the temperature of water in the collector, water passes directly into the swimming pool. The flow control valves and other electronic controls are done with the help of programmable logic controllers which would be discussed further in detail.Figure . Structural diagram12. PLC CONTROLPlc control is very important in marge of controlling all the heating systems of swimming pool. The directions of solar panels are needed to be changed after the certain time and which movement of sun to gain maximum energy from sum, so different type of locomotes is installed to move the solar panels. The solar panels are moved according to the program written in the PLC and all the program is based on the outputs of sensors installed in swimming pools and near the heating system. The motorized valves are also controlled using PLC. The PLC controls the direction of flow of water by opening and closing the valves by taking specifi c input from the sensors. The movement of solar panels is at two axes but in the circular way. The system could be installed in two different modes.1. OPEN LOOP SYSTEMIn open loop systems different sensors are giving signal to the programmable logic controller. These sensors include the electromotive force sensors which are installed to detect if solar panels are giving maximum output emf or not. The voltage level is given to the analog to digital converters and the digital signal is given to the up-converter chip which converts the digital signal voltage level to the controller compatible. The example of this process is the sensors operate from 0-5 volt range. This voltage level is given to the analog to digital converter which converters the analog signal in digital data. The voltage level of these data bits are also from 0-5 volts. The operating and detecting voltage of programmable logic controllers is 24V. So the data bits are converted in to 24V signal level. Programmable lo gic controller detects the data and rotates the solar panel by using the motor installed to rotate solar panels. In this way maximum energy is gained and water is heated in the swimming pools.2. CLOSED LOOP SYSTEMIn the close loop system different sensors are also giving feedback to the programmable logic controller for more precise direction of movement towards the sun. Some sensors are also installed in water to give feed back to the PLC that water is over heated or cold. One of these sensors is PT100. This sensor is normally used to detect the temperature of water. The apology of sensor varies with temperature from 100 to 150 ohm for rise in temperature from 0 to 100 degree centigrade. The PLC continuously monitors the feedback and controls the whole system.Figure . Temperature sensor13. FUTURE ASPECTSWith the growing path of resource saving and production of energy the solar energy system are developing rapidly. Researchers and scientists are manufacturing new and new systems to get maximum results and efficiency from the solar based energy systems. Developing countries are keenly observing new sectors where solar energy systems could be used. The companies involved in solar energy sector are developing home based application. These applications are rise or partially dependent on the solar energy. These systems include heating systems and power supply of homes. The power supply needed for home require medium power consumption so large solar panels are sufficient to full fill energy needs for small homes.Many countries are developing hybrid cars which are based on solar energy and hybrid fuel system. European countries are putting maximum effort to spread the solar energy systems so that people could rely more and more on such systems. They are also trying to lower down the pollutants by using such system as solar energy is environment friendly.

Innovation Life Cycle Model for SAP

Innovation Life Cycle Model for run downIntroductionAs an answer to global contender, companies necessitate change magnitude the preface of technologically sophisticated products as well as adopted advanced technologies and modifications in organisational structure and processes. For many fasts, the emergence of new products and services is the polar point of their business dodge and a decisive factor for competitory strength and survival (Stumpfe n.d.).. A firms competitive position is visualised by their baron to innovate products and the time required to bring new products to the market. Firms have to launch new sophisticated products in increasingly fast cycles and their ability to ramp up to full scale employment volume rapidly is crucial for success (Pisano 1997).A couple of years ago, such(prenominal) technologies called business intelligence (i.e., softw be solutions employ on handling tons of information) were available only to the worlds biggest firms. However, as the cost of computing and storage has dropped and the agreements have been enhanced and cost effective, the technology has moved into the studyity. Firms are pulling together more than information than ever before. In the past, they were stored in different administrations that were unable to communicate to each other, such as finance, human resources, or node management, further just recently, musical arrangements are being connected and companies are employing data-mining techniques to get a complete picture of their operations that let firms to manage more efficiently, analyze trends, and develop their forecasting (The Economist Newspaper Limited 2010).Innovation Lifecycle ModelThis lifecycle simulate can be understood as a three-stage copy of technological learning associated with a particular product technology (Williamson 1975). In the explorative stage many diverse models or designs are drawd, in the development stage products develop into standardized into a dominating design, and in the mature stage only smooth changes happens inside the dominant design (Frenken, Silverberg and Valente 2008). Although the product lifecycle model is widely accepted and often applied in empirical research, insane asylum scholars have grassed to develop transcriptionatic theoretical models that explain the different stages of technological development along the lifecycle (same as Frenken, Silverberg and Valente 2008). In this study, an attempt is made to contribute to innovation lifecycle theory by using the tire out Database system and analyze its pattern. Dependent on the stage in product and process life cycle and on competitive strategy there can exist a complementary or a competitive relationship between the implementation of product and process innovations. The product-process life cycle theory of Utterback and Abernathy (Utterback, Abernathy 1975) provides a useful model assisting to see to it the pattern of industrial innovation processes. This model succeeds in encompassing the mutual relationships between the stages of eats product life cycle, the related production process stages of development and competitive strategy elements (Stumpfe n.d.). scan HistoryDuring the 1970s,five former IBM employees made a decision to start their own company, when IBM rejected their recommendation to develop software designed to be used by several users simultaneously(Neumann and Srinivasan 2009). They launched their private corporation in 1972. It was named pirate flag (Systemanalyse and Programmentwickung-Systems Analysis and Program breeding) (same as Neumann and Srinivasan 2009).The name was coined after the plan on which they have been developing at IBM.The company had its headquarters in Weinheim, and its main office in Mannheim Germany (Neumann and Srinivasan 2009). characterFluid Patterntransitional Phase specific PhaseCompetitive emphasis placed on..Solution strategy for market entry.Innovation randy byMarket requireme nts for advanced solutions applicationPredominant geek of innovationData processing system.Product LineFinancial accounting software roomsProduction ProcessesFocused on running financial accounting software by means of mainframe.During this Phase of the life cycle, technical energy is expended, using materials and technologies generally available in the marketplace (Henderson and Clark, 1990).Within a year of being established, SAP had already completed its jump solution for financial accounting. This single management system, designed as a real-time book-keeping and transaction processing plan, tied ICIs (Imperial chemical Industries first SAP customer) information databases together (same as Neumann and Srinivasan 2009).It became known as R1, meaning that the data was processed immediately after being entered or real-time (Payne, Roets and Schlanderer 2009). It is important to note that during this early phase in the computer industry , business data had to be entered manua lly at the entry oddment and saved and stored, which basically means Batch processing. Inevitably the introduction of Innovation by SAP which is the real-time processing become very much touristy and at that time was a genuine milest mavin (same as Neumann and Srinivasan 2009).At first SAP only uses the English Language for its first customer ICI,however it has obtained valuable insights from the latter on the business management side of internationalist operations, as a result in 1975 SAP became multilingual (Lofthouse 2000).In the mid-eighties SAP experienced rapid growth and benefited from major improvements in the software industry (same as Neumann and Srinivasan 2009).Entering the market at that time were Computers with enhanced price-to-performance ratios which helped SAP to expand its customer base (Lofthouse 2000). During also this time the basic shape of a leaf node-server architecture was developed (SAP Global n.d.).SAP continuously enhanced its already distributed pr ogram modules and has released the SAP R/2 system, with this the firm claimed market leadership for large companies and was ready to enter the international software market (same as Neumann and Srinivasan 2009).CharacteristicFluid PatternTransitional PhaseSpecific PhaseCompetitive emphasis placed on..Solution strategy for market entry.Product variation (SAP R/2)Innovation stimulated byMarket requirements for advanced solutions applicationIncreased demand by Multinational/Global Market .Predominant type of innovationData processing system.Process innovation by system that can handle different languages and currencies.Product LineFinancial accounting software suiteSAP R2Production ProcessesFocused on running financial accounting software through mainframe.Banking on systems stability and reliability has improved SAP R2The Development of the Database MarketA market consolidation has taken place since the mid-1990s, initiated in 1994 with the takeover of ASK/Ingres by computer associate s, and reaching its risquepoint so far in the middle of 2001 with the takeover of Informix by IBM (SAP Global n.d.). During the mid 90s, SAP ushered in a new generation of enterprise software, from the previous mainframe computing to a combination of uniform appearance of graphical interfaces which is called the SAP R/3 (same as Neumann and Srinivasan 2009). With this release, SAP tapped a whole new market among small and medium-sized enterprises due to relatively low cost and effective business process.Adapting to the TimesSAP have realized that the internet is a very powerful force, that if utilised properly will result in more generation of income, with this recognition and incremental improvement on the R/3 system- which is named R/3 version 3.0 (same as Neumann and Srinivasan 2009) provided the first completely Internet-enabled business application package, which also increased its viability by making it more user-friendly (same as Neumann and Srinivasan 2009).They have also created the mySAP.com strategy, which represented a complete restructuring of the product portfolio and the beginning of a new direction for the company (same as Payne,Roets and Schlanderer 2009).Using this latest web technology, mySAP.com combined e-commerce solutions with the brisk Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) applications, it also enabled SAP to offer an integrated business platform that has the combination of both(prenominal) front-end and Backoffice processes (same as Neumann and Srinivasan 2009). SAP was the first software company to practise the double approach of giving standard software that could easily be implemented and managed on the one hand, while at the same time watching for and integrating key global business trends into their software (same as Neumann and Srinivasan 2009).Open Source Instead of Marketing in spite of the increasing breadth of functions of the SAP DB database system, SAP AG does not intend to market the database system commercially, and to e nter the DBMS market as a new competitor. Consequently, SAP DB is offered license-free in connection with SAP solutions. The users of mySAP.com applications must simply pay a support and maintenance fee that is determined as a fixed percentage of an accrued license price (Anon n.d.).An advantage of using SAP as an ERP system is that SAP has a very high direct of incorporation among its individual applications which ensures uniformity of information throughout the structure and the business itself (Kumar n.d.). To support processes well, we need to have information systems and integrated information system support processes in an organization (Scheer 1998).In a standard SAP project system, it is separated into three environments, Development, Quality Assurance and Production (Kumar n.d.). The development system is where about of the execution work takes place. All the final testing is conducted before moving the transports to the production environment which is where the quality as surance system kicks in. On the production system environment all daily business transactions happen, to all companies, the production system should only include transports that have passed all the tests (same as Kumar n.d.)SAP is a table drive customisation software. It provides businesses to make fast changes in their enterprise needs with a uniform set of programs. User-exits are provided for business to add in additional source code. Tools such as screen variants are provided to let the user set field props whether to hide, display, or make them fixed fields (Kumar n.d.). This is what makes ERP system and SAP in particular so flexible. The table-driven customisation is driving the program functionality instead of those old-fashioned hard-coded programs. With this, new and modified business requirements can be quickly busy and tested in the system. Many other business application software have seen this table-driven customisation advantage and are now changing their application software establish on this table customizing concept (Kumar n.d.).The standard programs and tables should not be changed as far as possible in order to minimise the upgrading costs (same as Kumar n.d.). The main purpose of using standard business application software like SAP is to decrease the amount of time and money spent on improving and testing all the programs. Hence, most companies will try to make use of the lively tools provided by SAP(same as Kumar n.d.).CharacteristicFluid PatternTransitional PhaseSpecific PhaseCompetitive emphasis placed on..Solution strategy for market entry.Product variation (SAP R/2)Never ending quality improvement. Planned quality along the entire product lifecycle and effort for Independence motivate development of own database, as well as simpler database system.Innovation stimulated byMarket requirements for advanced solutions applicationIncreased demand by Multinational/Global Market.Global Organization, plans on development in multiple interna tional locations.Predominant type of innovationData processing system.Process innovation by a system that can handle different languages and currencies.Creation of software applications for customers who primarily works on end to end business processes.Product LineFinancial accounting software suiteSAP R2SAP R3, SAP Net weaver, mySAP.comProduction ProcessesFocused on running financial accounting software through mainframe.Banking on systems stability and reliability has improved SAP R2Linking e-commerce solutions to existing ERP applications, using state-of-the-art Web technology.Modern Architecture for High Performance and Availability overdue to its modern architecture, SAP DB provides a high level of performance, scalability and robustness. In this way, the database can fulfil the performance demands of application environments with thousands of concurrent active users and very large data volumes. At the centre, multi-thread /multi-server architecture ensures a high item of scal ability with sparing handling of server resources. SAP DB fits flexibly into modern architectures such as multi-processor systems or cluster configurations, and uses the advantages for example, where high availability is concerned, without costly configuration. Due to the customisable architecture, SAP DB is suitable as a central database system both for three-tier and two-tier client-server environments (SAP DB n.d.).Effective locking mechanisms, efficient caching of data, intelligent optimisation of SQL applications, great parallel processing of read and write processes, and strategies to minimise the required write operations are among the architecture characteristics that significantly affect response times and throughput (SAP DB n.d.). SAP DB is designed for interruption-free round-the clock operation. Required maintenance tasks, such as configuration customization, the extension of data or log areas, data back-up, foot of table indexes and so on, can be performed during prod uction operation without affecting the active users (SAP DB n.d).High Level of Automation for Unattended OperationAs well as performance and robustness of SAPs Database Management system (DBMS), the main focus of the further development of SAP DB is on simpler operation of the database system (SAP DB n.d.). The vision of a database system that cable carmatically manages itself to a large degree, and only requires minimal monitoring by the database administrator, is the guideline of development. Both the setting up of the database system and the running operation are largely automated. During configuration, SAP DB automatically sets the core parameters in accordance with the existing system environment. During the definition of database objects such as tables and indexes, the database administrator works exclusively at the level of logical schemas SAP DB automatically makes the assignment to the physical data structures in smoke storage, and the database system also handles the gro wth of tables and indexes completely dynamically (same as Anon n.d.).Analysis on Innovation Life Cycle Model for SAP public-service corporationLifecycle Models are largely qualitative tools by which regularities in the progress of an object between its generation and degeneration are identified these regularities are used to understand prognoses for future evolutions (Bullinger 2008). The Innovation Life Cycle (Utterback and Abernathy 1975) helps in determining the pattern and the basis of competitive strategy can and probably can change for most firms as the industry evolves. At the first stage (fluid phase), the introduction of the technology innovation of SAP was described as it entered the market with its financial accounting software. The dominant design used was also established which is the SAP Database management system due to its stability and reliability, moving it from the transition phase into the specific phase. The pattern beginning from the product innovation was al so taken into account. SAP and probably other firms in general went forward into a process innovation. Another useful attribute of this model is that the strategies employed by firms during the models stages can be clearly identified and analysed.LimitationAlthough the Innovation Life Cycle Model helps in examining and analysing the nature of competition within the industry to identify opportunities and potential threats, it has also several limitations. For one, this model basically is just a generalisation. In actuality, life cycles do not everlastingly follow a standard pattern that a firm has to go through. In around cases, growth is so rapid that the embryonic is skipped altogether, while others industries fail to get past the embryonic stage. Industry growth can be revitalised after long periods of decline through innovation and social change. For example, the wellness boom brought the bicycle industry back to life after a long period of decline (Hill and Jones 2010).The tim e span of the stages can also spay from significantly from industry to industry. Some industries can stay in matureness almost indefinitely if their products become basic necessities of life, as in the case of the auto industry. Other industries skip the mature stage and go straight into decline, as in the case of the vacuum tube industry. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes as a major component in electronic products even though the vacuum tube industry was still in its growth stage. Still, other industries may go through several shakeouts before they enter full maturity, as what appears to be happening in the telecommunications industry (Hill and Jones 2010).Another criticism is that they overemphasize the importance of industry structure as a determinant of company performance and underemphasize the importance of variations or differences among companies within an industry or a strategic group (McGahan and Porter 1997).Prediction of afterlife EvolutionThe existence of a life-cycl e pattern of industrial growth is a significant stylized fact for the purpose of constructing a theory of uneven development, but the question remains as to how a particular pattern is itself to be explained (Harris 1978).It is quite difficult to predict what will be the future evolution of SAP if the projection is solely based on the life cycle model. Markus and Tannis (2000) correctly identified that success is a dynamic concept, and could be very different depending on the phase of implementation. Apparently, with SAPs trend of rapid growth and profitable annual revenues, we could assume that they will continue to grow and develop more reliable products and expand their client base. However, this is just a probability based on the trend we see in this model. A lot of factors still needs to be considered to really determine what will happen for the future of SAP.ConclusionProduct Innovation is a vital task for the modern corporation (Shavinina 2003).Using the Innovation Life Cycle Model, one can understand how a technology such as SAP goes through the following stages. This model also aids in observing some patterns similar to other firms. For instance, during the fluid phase, it can be observed that SAP focused on determining first what the market really needs and severe on product innovation for their customers. During that stage and throughout the transition, the focus also changed as SAP reacted to the economic climate, industrial factors, and competition by finding opportunities to create more products based on their dominant designs success in terms of stability and reliability. They also provided again customers with a variety of software solution strategies to help their businesses. During the specific phase, SAP still continued to expand its clientele and created advanced software solutions to cater to other business process needs. They focused on maintaining their strategy of never-ending support to their clients while offering innovations to thei r current product roster We can also notice that SAP as a large firm is active in a range of technologies broader than the products they make, this reflects the multi-technology nature of their products, and the knowledge required to coordinate in-house product innovation with innovation in related production systems and try chains.(Dosi, Teece and Chytry 2005).SAP has yet to saturate the market since a lot of business entities in demand of their products and services. Hence, it can be assumed that SAP is on the maturity stage of the life cycle but still on the growth stage. Looking at their share value with an increasing trend, it can be inferred that they are heading to the right direction (see figure 5).What does this suggest about using the innovation life cycle model? It is simply providing us a snatch of a specific firms progress. Like other models, it has its own limitations and usefulness, most importantly for analysts, managers, and researchers who need to analyse and for mulate strategies using any model which complements a prat firm in a specific industry.Process of Literature SearchThe research was started by searching for any relevant material, both print and online, on the topics Innovation Life Cycle, Technology, etc. The technology chosen was SAP Database for Business Management, since it is a relatively familiar topic and sources are abundant on both print and internet media. After gathering materials, the sources were read to determine their relevance to this research. The model used was the Innovation Life Cycle Model of Utterback and Abernathy to have a clear process of steps related to SAP from its fluid stage to the specific stage, and to analyse patterns and changes throughout the whole model.

Islamic Women :: essays research papers fc

Many times when feminists looked at Islamic wo workforce they criticized the man for not treating women properly. However, as Jane I. Smith states, women of Islam argon not really offended by that fact, on the contrary, they believe that it is better for them. The Holy Koran is the basis for the Islamic believers. It has some(prenominal) interpretations, however there are certain facts that are sure to be clear as to the position of women in an Islamic society. Koran did introduce rattling significant changes as to treatment of women. Certain women did play powerful roles in societies. However, whatever the earlier realities for women in terms of wedding party, divorce, and hereditary pattern of property, it is clear that Islamic men believe that they are above woman. However, they are supposed to support them and make sure that they have everything that they need to help raise their children and praise the god. In Islam, marriage is not a sacrament, as it is in other religions. It is a contract that man and woman sign and in which the woman can clearly includes her experience clauses and negotiate terms. It is rare however possible for a man to have more the one wife. However, when that happens the man is responsible for caring and supporting both of them. In order to marry another woman however, the man must have the permission of his first wife. Although Muslim women have had been married at extremely late age, this practice is related to the fact that father and other male relatives generally have chosen the grooms themselves. There are however some discrepancies. Islamic women are not treated equally in the face of the law. Ones women statement in the court is equal to half of one man. The same principle also applies to inheritance and other issues. The Koran states that the man, since he is supporting the woman, should receive twice as much of everything. Until recently education for women in the Muslim world has been minimal.

Gloria Naylors Mama Day Essay -- Gloria Naylor Mama Day Essays

Gloria Naylors Mama Day George and Ophelia grow up in significantly different environments with exposure to vastly dissimilar experiences their different backgrounds have a profound impact on the way they interpret and react to situations as adults. George and Ophelia both grow up without their parents, but for different reasons. George grows up at the Wallace P. Andrews Shelter for Boys in New York. The Shelters strict surroundings did not provide the warm and inviting atmosphere that a mother strives for in a home. The employees at the Shelter are not loving people, (p. 23) but they are devoted to their job, and the boys. At a young age, Ophelia loses her mother. We learn very precise about her apparently absent father. Mama Day and Abigail raise Ophelia. Abigail provides a source of comfort and love for Ophelia as she fulfills the role of mother figure. Mama day, Ophelias great aunt, acts more as a father figure. If Grandma had been there, she would have held me when I broke down and cry. Mama Day only said that for a long time there would be something to bring on tears aplenty. (p. 304). Ophelia grows up on the small island of Willow Springs. Everyone knows each other and their business, in the mellow island community. The border between Georgia and South Carolina splits down the middle of the island. Instead of seeing any advantage to belonging to either state, the townspeople would prefer to master independently. For George and Ophelia, the differences in their backgrounds will have a tremendous impact on many facets of their adult lives. George and Ophelia interpret their chance meetings based on their backgrounds. George grows up with the speech only the present has potent... ...with the flow of things. She took care of her belongings, but she did not manage them in an exact manner. She did not understand why he was so violent about a fraction of an inch. George and Ophelia accept their differences and en joy their years together. No doubt, they had to learn how to react to each other. The incident with the make-up could have ended in bitterness, but Ophelia realized that George said his comments for her benefit, not to hurt her. We all have to learn from the interactions that take place in our youth. As adults, we can choose to hatch those same methods of interacting and reacting or we can learn to modify our exchanges and reactions in order to get along with the new people in our life. Just as George and Ophelia, we cannot put off the influence of the personalities and environment of our youth, but we can learn from it.